An online calculator for converting between VSWR and Return Loss, Reflection Coefficient, Mismatch Loss, and Reflected Power. Wire over Ground Calculator. Definition and Background. RF Cascade Workbook for Excel. Signal’s power level lower than 1 mW has negative dBm values, and the signals stronger than 1 mW have positive dBm values. 5:1. 64/100) = ±0. 12:1, which is a. In industry, VSWR is sometimes pronounced "viz-wer". (GHz) Nut Attach Attach /Pin in (mm) in (mm) lb (g)Solved Example. Our suggestion - Laminate this page and cut out the chartFrom the S-parameter matrix, you can calculate characteristics of linear networks such as gain, loss, impedance, phase group delay, and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR). This calculator is used to calculate the uncertainty of gain for any active RF device (mostly amplifier) that occurs because of the impedance mismatch. 011. A set of 4 calculators with Chebychev response filters for analog low-pass, high-pass, band-stop and band-pass filters. . 3 to 2. ) and complex I/Q signals up to 4096QAM. For example, an efficiency of 0. Calculate. Frequency in Ghz. Circles centered at the origin of the Smith Chart are constant-VSWR circles. RF Calculator: Wavelength, dBm, dBuV, W, dBuV/m, mW/cm^2, pJ/cm^2, V & VSWR This RF calculator has been developed by Compliance Engineering as a resource for individuals involved in EMC and RF compliance measurements. In addition, the calculation takes into account the effect of signal attenuation in the transmission line. Low-pass lumped element filters. Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is a way to measure transmission line imperfections. Marki Microwave's Tools is a collection of free online applications for RF analysis and synthesis that are easy to use and mobile-friendly. Our RF calculators and converters will provide the figures you need for your radio frequency engineering needs. Wavelength. VSWR & Return Loss Calculator: Enter forward and reflected power or match to determine equivalent values. Hence, usually, the designers prefer a non-reflective type attenuator. Wave Number. Formulas used: s r r. 30 MB. 1-866-PASTERNACK (1-866-727-8376) US and Canada only • +1-949-261-1920 International • Email sales@pasternack. S-Parameters are used to describe the relationship between different ports, when it becomes especially important to describe a network in terms of amplitude and phase versus frequencies, rather than voltages and. e. Preflected watts. Click here to try our VSWR to Return Loss. 2 and 1. DC Blocks are components that prevent the flow of DC signals into systems while allowing higher frequency RF signals to pass through. 891: 6. Enter the value for VSWR in the below calculator to find out the values for Reflection Co-efficient, Reflected Power in % and Return loss in dB and the mismatch loss in dB. 01. Sterling-LWB5+. Use the S11 value in the calculator above to find the equivalent VSWR. The TEM wavelength is denoted by the lambda (λ), and the unit of the TEM wavelength is usually represented in nm/µm/mm. 0:1, 2. From reaching the most routine arithmetic, percent, or decimal values to metric conversions and statistical. Because of this, the effects of mismatch can be minimized by selecting an. The formula for insertion loss in decibels (dB) is: Insertion Loss (dB) = 10 * log10 (Pin / Pout) Where: Pin is the input power or signal level. This calculator is used to calculate the value of resistor R1 & R2 of pi type symmetrical attenuator (shown below) for the required value of attenuation (in dB) and for matching impedance (Zo = Zs =ZL Ω). Following calculator can be used to convert VSWR to corresponding return loss (RL). If you provide an email address I can share a system. The antenna accepts a certain amount of energy delivered to it by the transmission line (characterized by S11, VSWR, or return loss), and Antenna Efficiency characterizes the amount of energy lost ‘in’ the antenna after this. The flexible types (9913F and LMR-400UF) are preferred, particularly for rotatable antennas. 4 Butterworth types for analog filter design. Reflection. The VSWR ranges from 1 or 1:1 (ideal) to infinity. All channels of this splitter are phase and group delay matched and each channel includes a ferrite isolator. 4. VSWR is the ratio of the peak amplitude of a standing wave to the minimum amplitude of a standing wave, as seen in the following Figure: Figure 1. Easy to use tool, Kintronic Labs, online VSWR Calculator. Enter Load and Characteristic impedances to calculate VSWR and Reflection Coeffecients. Forward Power (dBm) Hence, the return loss is always lower than the ideal system (i. A magic-tee, or hybrid tee, is a 4-port waveguide structure that behaves as an electric field and magnetic field 3dB coupler, and is in fact, a combination of E-plane and H-plane tees. It varies from 1 to (plus) infinity. 26 (800) TMS-COAX • LMR-400 TIMES MICROWAVE SYSTEMS Connectors Inner Outer Finish* Part Stock VSWR ** Coupling Contact Contact Body Length Width Weight Interface Description Number Code Freq. “468” is the constant used to convert frequency in MHz to feet. For five t-line sections each having a VSWR of 1. In general, a lower VSWR means a system and load is well matched with most of the power being radiated by the antenna and a relatively small amount reflected back into the system. The TEM wavelength (λ) depends upon the frequency and relative permittivity (εr) medium (like waveguide/ stripline. The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) calculator determines reflection coefficient (GAMMA), VSWR, and return loss (dB) for a mismatched line. Copper Losses: Loss can occur due to the power dissipation of conducting surfaces. 2 times the minimum voltage along that line, if the line is at least one half wavelength long. This morning, I got the following e-mail from a friend of mine who is a member of the University of Michigan Amateur Radio Club. It converts the following units: • VSWR • Reflection • Return Loss • Prefl (Power reflection) • Reflections, Reflectionl to Mismatch Uncertainty Enter a value in any field, and all the other values are calculated and displayed. 5. VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) is a measurement of how well matched a radio transmitter and transmission line is to a load such as an antenna. The calculator can also be used to find the value of VSWR using any of the other values. Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) (pronounced "vizwar" [1] [2]) is the ratio of maximum to minimum voltage on a transmission line . - Reflection Attenuator Calculator. 2. Back to top. PDR05848. It supports both balanced and unbalanced lines. Finally, calculate the Standing Wave Ratio. 2 at 2380 MHz, the mismatch loss is calculated to be 0. In impedance measurements using the slotted line technique, the VSWR value is calculated before impedance. The equivalent VSWR is 1. Return Loss is a measure of the amount of energy that is reflected back at a discontinuity in a Radio Frequency Circuit . VSWR. Hence, usually, the designers prefer a non-reflective type attenuator. The VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) Calculator is a crucial tool in the field of radio frequency (RF) engineering and telecommunications. Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), or often given as just standing wave ratio (SWR), is the ratio between the transmitted and reflected voltage standing waves at a signal chain element incident node. You can use a Bird 43 wattmeter to make forward and reflected power measurements and then calculate the SWR. 93 dB. The webmaster does not read these comments regularely. This ratio represented in dB is called as. Pasternack's RF Calculators and Conversions section provides engineers valuable and easy-to-use tools ranging from complex mathematical formulas to simple conversions. In some cases, users require a custom impedance value. If the power incident on a load is Pi P i and the power reflected. The Field Master Pro MS2090A from Anritsu is a RF handheld spectrum analyzer that operates up to 54 GHz and has a real-time spectrum analysis bandwidth of up to 100 MHz. VSWR calculator: Isolation between circuit stages (mentioned above) is a way to minimize the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and, in this way, improve impedance matching. That is, a VSWR = 1 would be the center of the Smith Chart, and VSWR=3 would be a circle centered around the center of the Smith Chart, with magnitude =0. But it does have a few entry boxes and drop-down menus that can take some time to familiarize yourself with. A value of 1. Does twisting a two wire open line reduce radiation. If there is something in the microwave universe that you need a different calculator for, drop us a note and we'll see what we. Tags Communications • Communications And Networking Systems Or Equipment • Design Tools (eda) •. Home. 0:1, 2. - Bridged Tee Attenuator Calculator. be used to add or subtract an arbitrary number of power, to convert power and voltage units from the linear to the logarithmic. Here is a list of some of the calculators in this app: Attenuator Calculators. For example, 5 mW is equal to 7 dBm, and 100 KW is equal to 80 dBm. The Unknown Editor has been spouting off about a variety of topics since he started this site back in 2001. A ratio of 2:1 indicates that reflections have resulted in a standing wave with a maximum amplitude that is twice as large as its minimum amplitude. With this calculator, you can calculate the final improved VSWR value when attenuation is inserted between the source and the load impedance that initially do not have a 50 Ohm match. Thus, for this system, VSWR = 1:1 (i. 3 dB, a split loss of 3 dB, and a VSWR of 1. Therefore, total noise figure: NFT = 10 log10 (F) = 10 log10 (2. The calculator is designed to be fine tuned after the initial input. Because the reflection coefficient Γ < 1, then the return loss will have a positive dB value. VSWR = Voltage standing wave ratio. Calculate VSWR from Forward and Reverse Power. The power reflected back from an antenna is specified using either the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) or the reflection coefficient. 9, for system 2 is 0. This power splitter has an insertion loss of 0. This tool uses the impedance of the source and load to calculate the Reflection Coefficient (Γ) and Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) Formula Source Impedance = Z0 Complex Load Impedance = R + j*X Γ = √ / √ VSWR = (1+Γ)/(1-Γ) Example Calculations For a source impedance of 50 ohm and load impedance of 100 ohm,This calculator allows you to calculate the input impedance of a transmission line, as well as the VSWR, return loss, and mismatch loss at the input point. Quick SWR Calculator for Vertical and Dipole Ham Radio Antennas. to a calculator or computer program that will handle it. Welcome to our VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) calculator, a tool designed to simplify your RF projects by accurately determining the VSWR based on your system’s Source and Load impedances. , convert to noise factor F1, F2, &F3). Save the file to your hard drive. Calculates Butterworth response analog filters up to the 9th order. When you look at a graph of a return loss formula, the negative sign is often omitted and is sometimes used interchangeably with the S11 parameter. Assuming the systems have no internal loss. It requires a DC supply of +15 V and consumes less. The ratio of the input to the reflected signal is called the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR). Forward Power (W) Reverse Power (W) VSWR. אנו יודעים שהגל העומד, המסביר את יחס הגל העומד, הוא. It provides security and. Where L is the length of the dipoles. The below step by step solved example problem may helpful for users to understand how the input values are being used in such calculations to find the ratio of load impedance matching to the transmission line or wave guide characteristic impedance (Z 0). Pout is the output power or signal level. 5 GHz. VSWR Mismatch Errors: Both amplitude and phase errors are introduced when mismatched impedances are present at an electrical interface. The following formula relates the return loss and VSWR. VSWR to Insertion Loss Calculator Enter VSWR: Calculate FAQs How do you calculate insertion loss? Insertion loss can be calculated by measuring the power or. Regard VSWR readings as a guide only particularly when trying to establish just how good your antenna is. The concept behind the Smith Chart is simple. FieldFox Online Supplemental Help - FieldFox conceptual and reference information. 06 or better. Line of Sight (LOS) calculator. RG-8 and RG-213 (50 ohm); and RG-11 (75 ohm) are about 0. 51. VSWR Calculator. For an ideal system, reflected power is zero, so return loss is infinity (∞). Tags: Vector Signal Generator. You can use it for free. com. For best accuracy, min VSWR should be. Return Loss (dB) VSWR. 8 is 80%, or -0. Balanced Attenuator Calculator. The lower the phase noise, the better the system; for example, phase noise of -65 dBC/Hz at 1KHz. V/m. Circles centered at the origin of the Smith Chart are constant-VSWR circles. The power being reflected back is only a very small amount is not anything to worry about. Suppose the wave is not matched with load and signal there is some unwanted signals are interrupted or signal loss is occurred. Return loss vs. WCN3998. 707. —and calculates both the typical system return loss along with the worst case return loss. For VSWR=2, reflection coefficient will be=1/3 and 20log(1/3) =-9. It varies from 1 to (plus) infinity and is always positive. The chart is used during RF simulation by RF engineers and is displayed by vector network. VSWR is defined as the ratio of the maximum voltage to the minimum voltage in a standing wave pattern along the length of a transmission line structure. The resulting ratio is normally expressed as a ratio, e. The tool provides two networks that will have the desired impedence at that frequency. 0. 5, the corresponding value of. 1. Coupling to Direct Line Insertion Loss Conversion Table for Directional Couplers. Since reactance represents "stored energy", it is not very useful. November 2023. Background S11 is the input reflection coefficient with a. VSWR is defined as the ratio of the maximum to minimum voltage on a loss-less transmission line (expressed as 3. Addressed to RF engineers or Cell Site designers, it provides system calculations for: Passive InterModulation (PIM), Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP), Noise Figure and Third Order Intercept Point (IP3). —and calculates both the typical system return loss along with the worst case return loss. A table of convenient values are presented at the bottom. 25 is average. As we know that the reflection coefficient defines the amount of the electromagnetic wave is reflected due to the impedance discontinuity in a transmission path. The S-parameter matrix describes networks with an arbitrary number of ports. However, each field, when changed will allow. Misunderstanding VSWR misleads. The Reflection Coefficient can be calculated from return loss by using the following formula. As an added bonus, the results are modifiable and can calculate the other values. Power handling may be limited by the connector choice. Inductor; PCB Meander inductor calculator; Mixer spurious; Noise. dBm To Watt Calculator. This calculator allows calculation of the antenna Q from VSWR bandwidth for matched antennas that are well represented as a simple series resonant circuit with constant R near resonance. The NC1128A from Noisecom is a White Gaussian Noise Source that operates from 10 MHz to 10 GHz. This is due to an old/degraded VHF antenna that has a high Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR). 5dB loss per 100 feet at 146 MHz). Each SP8T switch is used to send the input/output signals to 2 pins. The magic-tee can be used as a power combiner or divider, depending on the needs of the application. VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) and Return Loss both measure the same parameter i. To help the engineers conducting VSWR sweeps, Lou developed the PIM and VSWR System Calculators, one of our most valuable assets helping many customers during the design phases and site build-outs. The relation between return loss, VSWR, and the reflection coefficient provides a comprehensive view of the system's efficiency. 0:1). RF & Electronics Symbols for Visio. Then right-click on the file, click Properties, then click Unblock. - Tee Attenuator Calculator. This collection of RF and Power Management design tools reflects Qorvo's commitment to the engineering community. Enter VSWR value other than 1 or 0. Electrical waves reflect when they encounter a change in the impedance of the medium they are traveling in. 99. VSWR Calculator Pincident watts Preflected watts VSWR VSWR transmitter fold back 1. The main difference between return loss and VSWR is that return loss is a logarithmic measurement, which makes it useful when displaying very small reflections whereas VSWR is a linear measurement and is useful to represent larger reflections. 50:1, the resulting maximum VSWR will be 4. VSWR = (1 + √ PRFL/PFWD ) / (1 - √ PRFL/PFWD ) back. This tool calculates the S11 from the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR). Round Wire ac ResistanceNEW Version V2323, released on 31 May 2023, FREE DOWNLOAD, WinRFCalc is the best Windows RF calculator toolbox for EMC, RF and Radio engineers. vswr Excel calculator. The calculation of loss using VSWR is an approximation that is reasonably accurate on long lines with low VSWR and low loss. Free online calculators. For Example WR-650 means a waveguide whose cross section width is 6500 mils. A VSWR of 6 or more is pretty high and will generally need to be improved. A graphical explanation of energy flow in a practical transmission line. The calculator can also be used to find. Noise calculators. e. T Match efficiency estimator. When the load or antenna impedance, Z (whether real or complex) changes we get different values of VSWR that fall in this range. Understanding the role and implications of impedance in RF transmission lines and antennas is vital to successful system performance. This ratio can also be measured in dB, and expressed as Return Loss. Next, gather the formula from above = SWR = (1+SQRT (Pr/Pf)) / (1-SQRT (Pr/Pf)). Return loss, also known as reflection loss, is a measure of the fraction of power that is not delivered by a source to a load. e. 0:1, 2. The formula for calculating VSWR (V) is as follows: VSWR (V) = (1 + √(Pr / Pf)) / (1 – √(Pr / Pf)) The VSWR quantifies the efficiency of power transfer in the transmission line and helps engineers and technicians identify impedance matching issues and signal loss problems. Noise Conversion Calculator. At 100 MHz, the loss is 0. 9913 and LMR-400 are popular “low-loss” RG-8 types. vary with frequency). 01:1 to 3. Các ứng dụng của VSWR: Các chức năng chính của VSWR : Truyền Antenna: Tỷ lệ sóng đứng điện áp (VSWR) là một chỉ báo về lượng không phù hợp giữa một ante nna và đường cấp dữ liệu kết nối với nó. Voltage and Current Calculator. In electrical engineering, the reflection coefficient is a parameter that defines how much of the electromagnetic wave is reflected due to the impedance discontinuity in a transmission path. VSWR is the voltage standing wave ratio it used to measure the all-types waves (example: antenna waves) during transmission. - impedance of the filter. With a 4:1 VSWR, we have 36 Watt of reflected power, exceeding the 25 Watt safe limit. The VSWR/return loss calculator from Pasternack will find VSWR, return Loss, mismatch loss, and the reflection coefficient given any one of. Download this article of VSWR Explained. This free online interactive Smith chart tool is a calculator which can help you design matching networks and obtain maximum power transfer between your source and load. So, let’s take a step-by-step look at how to get your cascade analysis rolling. It is a measure of how efficiently RF power is transmitted from the power source, through a transmission line, and into the load. Measuring RF impedance by the three voltmeter method. As such, you must consider conductor geometry, the presence of external fields, and VSWR before you can determine power handling. A series of RF calculators for radio frequency engineers. Thus, prime center also represents the 1. VSWR Calculation. By making use of an asymmetrical resistive attenuator you can match different impedance's or just use it as an normal attenuator calculator when both the input and. These reflections are very undesirable when we aim to transfer power from one. The isotropic antenna (theoretical antenna) would radiate out RF waves equally in all directions with the same intensity. Unequal-split Power Divider Calculator. Port 4 is the port which provides the reflected measurement (Return Loss/ VSWR), when the device is configured with the DUT connected to Port 2. Antenna and cable analyzers are handheld RF test instruments used for on-the-go testing of RF cables and antenna performance at their frequency of operation and quickly locate faults in RF cable, connector, and antenna. VSWR - Return Loss - Γ Conversions These are the standard set of equations for converting between VSWR, return loss, and reflection coefficient (Γ). It is based on 3GPP Release 15 technology and supports both SA and NSA 5G modes. S11 Linear to dB. Characteristic Impedance Ω. But, for a practical system, there will be a small impedance. The Smith chart is commonly used to impedance match RF devices, such as amplifiers, antennas and transceiver devices. The concept behind the Smith Chart is simple. The HSM12001B from Holzworth Instrumentation is an RF synthesizer module that operates from 10 MHz to 12. The EIRP can take into account the losses in transmission line. The following variables can be changed in this tool: - Load VSWR. VSWR Calculator: How to Calculate VSWR? Impedance mismatches result in standing waves along the transmission line, and SWR is defined as the ratio of the partial standing wave's amplitude at an antinode (maximum) to the amplitude at a node (minimum) along the line. The results of this calculator may be rounded, the user takes responsibility for use of results. Calculate initial load line of valve RF amplifier. A directional coupler is a passive 4-port device used to sample a small amount of microwave power for measurement purposes. Completely flat VSWR when measured at the station patch panel could for example indicate that the system may have hidden losses, be warned! Consider that a VSWR of 1. This general RF calculator includes calculations of path loss, VSWR and wavelength as well as. On-Demand Webinars. in the tool box or ham shack. 5:1 VSWR is equivalent to -13. here is an online cascaded VSWR calculator using the RSS method. The SPD701 from Smiths Interconnect is a 6-Way Isolated Power Divider that operates from 2. Let's delve deeper into these core concepts, and. The graph below shows input return loss for an amplifier. Converts VSWR into dBm. 11) = 3. VSWR is not a hard concept to grasp, but its effects on the instrumentation. Load in ohms. PIM Calculator; Third order IP; Inductors. Learn about voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), return loss, and mismatch loss, which helps characterize the wave reflections in a radio frequency (RF) design. VSWR. Bridged Tee Attenuator Calculator. xml ¢ ( ÌXMsÚ0 ½w¦ÿÁãkÇ ¤mšf€ ’öØf&é Pä «È’FRøø÷] Èdˆ ai _ÀXÞ}ï-Úõ nV•H `,Wrœ óAš€dªàr6NÿþÌ®ÒÄ:* *”„qº ›ÞL>~ =®5Ø £¥ §¥súš ËJ¨¨Í• ‰+Se*ê𧙠Mٜ΀ —„)é@ºÌÕ9ÒÉè ¦ôY¸äÇ oo˜ & VºJ(ñÒ ¥, ¬ºm· ø‘¹%ô“*Œx>÷]:‰Ý,¤ ÛB ÕO þ*ÝÓB· . Note that the power handling calculation is based on controlled conditions, including a temperature of 25°C, sea level, and a still air (natural convection) environment. 43 20. If the reflection coefficient is given by , then the VSWR is defined by the. 9 GHz band and supports low latency direct communications (PC5) and SIM-less operation. RL = 20 * log10 ( (VSWR + 1) / (VSWR - 1)) RL = 20 ∗ log10( (V S W R + 1)/(V S W R − 1)) Variables: RL is the Return Loss (dB) VSWR is the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio. The low-pass filter often is a natural choice for lumped element. Where: Gain (dB) = pyramidal horn antenna gain in dB (i. 64% or ±10 x log10 (103. After using our pi pad calculator and installing your attenuator, you can use our VSWR calculator to know how your VSWR has improved. This scientific calculator performs 99% of routine and not-so-routine lab calculations, and provides instant and accurate answers for a variety of conversions, scientific functions, statistical operations, all arithmetic calculations, and other lab constants. VSWR . Frequency to Wavelength Calculator. 155 dB. Companies like JFW Industries can make a mismatch load (or mismatch termination) that can be used to test amplifiers and help characterize their performance under conditions that might occur in the. There are also sections on calculating machines and slide rules as well as sections for buying and selling HP calculators, an HP timeline, collecting information and a software library. VSWR of 1. Pi Attenuator Calculator. Calculate VSWR, Return Loss, Reflection Coefficient, Match Efficiency, and Net Transmission Loss from an RF broadcast transmitters forward and reflected power readings. ZoCoaxial Cable Impedance Calculator. For Dipoles: Cut / Add the result to each leg. In this highly technical and exacting field, having precise tools like a VSWR/return loss calculator at one's disposal is a necessity. VSWR. A VSWR of less than 1. Try our […] The calculator converts between return-loss, VSWR, reflection coefficient, and mismatch loss. It is used to calculate and. Reflection Attenuator Calculator. S-parameters can be easily imported, visualized, and analyzed in MATLAB ® using RF Toolbox ™. Online SWR Calculator. VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) VSWR is a measurement of the level of standing waves on a feeder. At 1000 MHz, the S11 (dB) = -RL (dB) = -15 dB. 405 inch. Formally, S11 is the negative of return loss and. The term "impedance" generally refers to the combined total of resistance and reactance. If you don't have Excel you can use a stand alone app vswr calculator from commscope. S-parameter Utilities Spreadsheet. Wireless SoC by Qualcomm ( 73 more products) Request Quote. In addition, the software can be used to convert power and voltage units from the linear to the logarithmic scale (and vice versa), convert linear power and voltage ratios to decibels, and convert a VSWR to other. Please enter your values below. Utilize this online calculator to compute the Voltage Standing-Wave Ratio (VSWR). Stripline Calculator. Urgent questions should be send via email. Calculate VSWR from Forward and Reverse Power. 57. This microwave CW source is based on a non-PLL platform. For example, an oscillator is intended to run at 10MHz. Related Blog Posts and Calculators. Use these voltage values and D in the following equation to get the reflection coefficient: Solve this equation for Γ to get the reflection coefficient and VSWR. This collection of RF and Power Management design tools reflects Qorvo's commitment to the engineering community. Enter appropriate data See results in; dBm : dBw, Watts or microVolts. 5 GHz. 83% is. 25 dB of mismatch loss); a VSWR of 7. Avg. Here, Zo is the characteristic impedance of pi type symmetrical attenuator, which is equal to the value of source (Zs) and load impedance (ZL). The VSWR Calculator uses the Root-Sum-of-Squares (RSS) Analysis to calculate the most probable VSWR values in a single waveguide assembly with multiple bends, twists, or a chain of Waveguide Assemblies when added together. This online reflection coefficient to return loss calculator calculates the return loss (dB) by entering the reflection efficient Γ (= value.